(PDF) Pre-colonial mining in southern Africa
Abstract. This paper summarizes indigenous mining methods used to collect metal ores in pre-colonial southern Africa, south of 15°S. These methods, for the purposes of discussion, are divided ...
2000 years of indigenous mining and metallurgy in southern …
Accepted 30 January 1995. Metallurgy, and mining metal ores, was first introduced to southern Africa about 2000 years ago by early farmers. During the first millennium AD iron and copper were exploited, with tin and gold being included by the beginning of the second millennium AD. Indigenous farming communities prospected for iron ore and ...
A history of mining in South Africa (NA)
A history of mining in South Africa. M ining in South Africa has been a contentious issue since 15-year-old Erasmus Stephanus Jacobs discovered South Africa's first diamond, the Eureka, in Hopetown in 1867. It kickstarted what historians call the Mineral Revolution, which made few European opportunists wealthy beyond measure, and saw …
South Africa's Iron Ore Industry
8% of its iron ore domestically (Kumba AR, 2008), and this percentage has since decreased as. South Africa's domestic steel production fell 15% after the 2010 Soccer World Cup …
Southern Africa before Colonial Times | Oxford Research …
Summary. Perspectives on southern Africa's past in the eras before the establishment of European colonial rule have been heavily shaped by political conflicts rooted in South Africa's history as a society of colonial settlement. The archive of available evidence—archaeological finds, recorded oral materials, and colonial documents ...
2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING AND MINERALS …
southern Africa is the Thulamela settlement in the Kruger National Park, extant from the late 14th to the 17th century. Specularite has been mined in Swaziland for 28,000 years (Saunders, 1994, in RT6 Granville). Most of the pre-colonial mining practised in South Africa dates from the Late Iron Age. The activity was largely confined to the
Iron Age Kingdoms of Southern Africa
The Iron Age is so named after the materials used at the time to make tools and weapons. It followed the Stone and Bronze Ages but developed at different times in different parts of the world. In East Africa people produced steel as early as 500 BC. In Europe, this development happened only in the 1700s AD. Technology in Africa was therefore ...
Pre-colonial mining in southern Africa
Africa. As modern South Africa lacks a detailed account of early mining12, this will allow insights to be gained from the more substantial body of research completed in Zimbabwe and eastern Botswana13. Examples from South Africa will be used where possible. The mining techniques employed did not differ signifi-cantly throughout southern ...
Stone Age
Stone Age - Southern Africa, Tools, Hunter-Gatherers: The sequence in Southern Africa is well established on the basis of the terrace stratigraphy of the Vaal Valley. Just as in North and East Africa, the succession begins in the basal Pleistocene with the occurrence of pebble tools of Kafuan type. These develop into what is called the pre-Stellenbosch, …
South Africa
South Africa - Apartheid, Colonization, Inequality: In the first two decades of the union, segregation became a distinctive feature of South African political, social, and economic life as whites addressed the "native question." Blacks were "retribalized" and their ethnic differences highlighted. New statutes provided for racial separation in industrial, …
(PDF) 2000 years of indigenous mining and …
PDF | Metallurgy, and mining metal ores, was first introduced to southern Africa about 2000 yr ago by early farmers. During the first millennium AD iron... | Find, read and cite all the...
Iron Age mining links ancient SA to the world
Iron Age mining links ancient SA to the world. Among a colorful spattering of glass beads, fragments of a gold plated rhino lie buried in a grave on Mapungubwe hill. A bundle of hoes, wrapped in ...
Miller, D. 2001. Indigenous iron production in southern Africa
The inception of metallurgy in southern Africa was characterised by small-scale production, as extrapolated from the modest amounts of metallurgical debris and metal artefacts (of both iron and ...
A History of Gold Mining in South Africa, Ghana and Tanzania
Gold is mined in 34 SSA countries (African Development Bank Group, 2012).The global average production of gold over the period 2007–2012 was 2400 tonnes per annum, of which 20 per cent was mined in Africa (African Development Bank Group, 2012).The continent's largest producer is South Africa, which contributes 10 per cent of …
Precolonial Metallurgy and Mining across Africa | Oxford …
In West Africa, copper may have been mined using open-mining techniques at Akjoujt in modern-day Mauritania and at Agadez in the modern-day Niger sometime in the first millennium bce. 48 With time, in the 1st millennium ce, gold and iron were also mined using the same techniques, where relatively deep holes were sunk into the ground to extract ore.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND …
Mining for metal ores and metallurgy introduced to southern Africa by early African farmers with no written records. in order to study pre-colonial metallurgy we must turn to the …
indigenous mining of iron in south africa before morden erea
Energy policies for sustainable development in South Africa 8.1.1 Mining 104 8.1.2 Iron and steel 105 South Africa's profile of energy demand, Get Price ... Before the modern era, Islam entered Africa south of the Sahara very slowly, Written accounts of African mythology began to appear in the early 1800s,
Mining Capital and Colonialism in Africa
By separating economics from politics in such a clinical way, Alfred Beatty can be made out to be an anti-imperialist. In his study of Cecil Rhodes, Colin Newbury, a long-time. expert on the empire-builder's business politics, makes the point. that mining capital within South Africa was, unlike the gentle.
Iron Age mining in the Transvaal
Long before the Iron Age began, a softer type of iron ore (specularite, ochreous hematite, 'sibilo') was mined in South Africa. The crushed and powdered ore was used for …
Trade, Routes Trade, and Commerce in Pre-colonial Africa
Abstract. The continent of Africa cannot be discussed without mentioning its historical trade and trading activities. Trade has been and is still an integral part of the people of the land dating back to pre-colonial times and even to the period of medieval Europe. Trading activities were conducted both on land and by waterways, and these ...
Evidence of Iron Ore Mining in Southern Africa in the Middle …
L. Dayet, P.-J. Texier, F. Daniel, G. Porraz Ochre resources from the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no.9 9 (Sep 2013): 3492–3505.
2000 years of indigenous mining and metallurgy in southern Africa …
Metallurgy, and mining metal ores, was first introduced to southern Africa about 2000 years ago by early farmers. During the first millennium AD iron and copper were exploited, with tin and gold being included by the beginning of the second ...
Gold rush | History, Importance, & Facts | Britannica Money
Gold rush, rapid influx of fortune seekers to the site of newly discovered gold deposits. Major gold rushes occurred in the United States, Australia, Canada, and South Africa in the 19th century. The first major gold strike in North America occurred near Dahlonega, Georgia, in the late 1820s. It
South Africa's Iron Ore Industry
8% of its iron ore domestically (Kumba AR, 2008), and this percentage has since decreased as. South Africa's domestic steel production fell 15% after the 2010 Soccer World Cup (World Steel. Association, 2008 and 2010). Government …
Smelter and Smith: Iron Age Metal Fabrication Technology in Southern Africa
Abstract. New metallographic analyses of large assemblages enable the description of a comprehensive picture of indigenous metallurgy during the southern African Iron Age. Metal working was introduced to southern Africa about 2000 years ago by black agriculturists. In the first millennium ad they produced both copper and iron.
The Iron Age in South Africa | Study
The roots of southern Africa's Iron Age are in something called the Bantu expansion. Around 200 CE, Bantu-speaking peoples of west/central Africa expanded to the east and south, spreading not only ...
History of mining in South Africa
The first diamonds were uncovered at the site of the Big Hole in 1871. Until the mine's closure in 1914, up to 50,000 miners excavated the deepest hole ever dug by hand, extending 215 metres underground. While the mine would yield 2,720kg of diamonds and help establish the De Beers mining company, which remains a major industry player …
Pre-colonial history of Southern Africa
Human Origins. South African scientists have been actively involved in the study of human origins since 1925 when Raymond Dart identified the Taung child as an infant halfway between apes and humans. Dart called the remains Australopithecus africanus, southern ape-man, and his work ultimately changed the focus of human evolution from Europe and ...
Production systems in pre-colonial Africa
systems developed and changed in pre-colonial Africa. 2.1 The tropical forest zones . Agriculture and mining were the two most important productive activities in the tropical forest zones during our period. In 1000 AD, the beginning of our period, West Africa was the main supplier of gold to Western Europe.
(PDF) Historical overview of traditional and modern …
Abstract and Figures. The advent of colonialism and the introduction of modern scientific mining in Ghana during the last decade of the nineteenth century enabled European mining companies to gain ...