Ferronickel Generation from Nickel Sulfide Concentrates by
The authors proposed a novel thermal treatment method for nickel sulfide concentrates with minimal SO 2 emissions and have increased the ferronickel particle …
Cerro Matoso Nickel Mine, Colombia
It is the world's second-largest producer of ferronickel and boasts some of the lowest costs. Mining commenced in 1980 and nickel production started in 1982 under the Colombian Government, BHP Billiton and Hanna Mining ownership. BHP raised its ownership to 53% in 1989, to 98.8% in 1997, ten years later increasing its stake to the …
Nickel processing
The extraction of nickel from ore follows much the same route as copper, and indeed, in a number of cases, similar processes and equipment are used. The major differences in …
Assessment of life cycle based environmental footprints from nickel
This thesis presents an integrated study of a life cycle assessment, process modelling and exergy analysis on three nickel laterite processing routes, including a new state-of-the-art processing technology using atmospheric leaching with nitric acid, the Direct Nickel Process. The stainless steel and nickel industry is an example of an …
The Nickel Production Methods from Laterites and the …
In this work, the metallurgical treatment methods of nickeliferous laterites are examined and among them the Greek ferronickel (Fe-Ni) production process. Nickel laterites belong to one of the two big nickel ore …
Ferronickel Preparation from Nickeliferous Laterite by Rotary Kiln
In the recent years, ferronickel has been used as a substitute for electrolytic nickel for alleviating the cost of stainless steel production. Rotary kiln-electric furnace (RKEF) smelting is currently the world-wide mainstreaming process for ferronickel production from nickeliferous laterite ore, in spite of the high power consumption.
Recycling of Nickel-Slag Tailings into Liquid Products: A
This information was used to design an integrated process for reprocessing of nickel-slag tailings. The first step is to hold the slag/metal melt in a crucible for 15 min at 1300–1400°C, resulting in formation of a nickel-rich (15–18%) matte melt at the bottom. ... The resulting matte is suitable for processing into ferronickel via the ...
Profiling the world's top five nickel-producing …
The world's top five nickel-producing companies. 1. Vale – 208,000 metric tonnes. Formerly called Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Vale is a diversified multinational metals and mining company founded in …
Feasibility Study Confirms Low Cost, Long Life Nickel
The Project comprises an open pit nickel laterite mining operation that mines 27.5 million tonnes ('Mt') Mineral Reserve of a 119 Mt Mineral Resource to produce 52,000 tonnes of ferronickel ...
Indonesia details plans to limit development of nickel
Indonesia will limit construction of nickel smelters to ensure new plants produce high-value products and follow green principles in the production process, state news agency Antara reported on ...
Ferronickel smelting plant Electric furnace off-gas utilization …
Kawasaki's ferronickel smelting plant follows the process shown in Fig. 1. Ferronickel ore with 1.8-2.2% nickel content is first dried in a rotary dryer, then reduced in a rotary kiln. Next, the ore is smelted in an electric furnace and separated into slag and metal (ferronickel) with around 20% nickel content. After the metal is refined in a
Full article: The Direct Leaching of Nickel Sulfide Flotation
Historically, Ni extraction from sulfide resources had been dominant due to ease of processing (Elias Citation 2002; Mudd Citation 2010) though since 2011, Ni extraction from laterites has overtaken sulfides and has been driven by the use of ferronickel and nickel pig iron (NPI) as lower cost substitutes for class 1 nickel in …
Nickel Data Sheet
Nickel-containing scrap, including nickel content of stainless-steel scrap: Canada, 38%; Mexico, 28%; United Kingdom, 9%; and other, 25%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12–31–19 Nickel ores and concentrates, nickel content 2604.00.0040 Free. Ferronickel 7202.60.0000 Free. Unwrought nickel, not alloyed 7502.10.0000 Free.
Technology of Ferronickel
The mineral resources of nickel are outlined with emphasis on oxide–silicate (laterite) ores processing. The technology of ferronickel smelting and all steps in the …
A Review of Nickel Pyrometallurgy Over the Past 50 Years
Early 1970 was the only time that the smelter saw all five roaster-furnaces operating at the same time processing a nickel concentrate with ~7.5% Ni. As milling practices changed to reject pyrrhotite and gangue, nickel concentrate grades increased, the number of operating lines in the Thompson smelter decreased such that the focus was …
Improving the rotary kiln-electric furnace process for ferronickel
Ferronickel contains 60–80 wt% Fe and 40–20 wt% Ni and is a feedstock for manufacturing stainless steel and other ferrous alloys. The primary pyrometallurgical route to produce ferronickel ...
Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis of an
In the firebrick side walls adjacent to the ferronickel layer, the temperature was set equal to that if the free stream and a constant heat-transfer rate of 10 W/(m 3 K) were used, in accordance ...
Smelting and Selective Reduction of Limonitic Laterite Ore in Mini
The higher the nickel content in crude ferronickel, the more nickel losses in the slag. It means that the higher the grade of Ni in crude ferronickel, the lower the nickel recovery will be. Therefore, further research is required to determine the appropriate process parameters to obtain high-grade nickel and low nickel losses.
The Aggregation and Growth of Ferronickel Particles During the
The main source of nickel has gradually become the recovery of ferronickel concentrate from low-grade laterite nickel ore. In this work, high-grade ferronickel concentrate was prepared by a reduction roasting-magnetic separation process, and low-grade ferronickel concentrate and CaF 2 were used as composite additives to promote …
Technical & Cost Comparison of Laterite Treatment …
The hydrometallurgical processes and the developing processes were assumed to produce nickel and cobalt as intermediate products (mixednickel- cobalt hydroxide or oxide, and cobalt sulphidein the Caron process). The pyrometallurgical processes were assumed to produce nickel in metallic iron, i.e. ferronickel or nickel pig iron.
Material and energy flows in rotary kiln-electric furnace smelting of
Ferronickel contains 60–80 wt% Fe and 40–20 wt% Ni and is a feedstock for manufacturing stainless steel and other ferrous alloys. The primary pyrometallurgical route to produce ferronickel from laterite nickel ores is the …
Ferronickel
Industrially, the process is done either during dephosphorization or after dephosphorization and desulfurization. 7.4.3 Chromium. Chromium is present in ferronickel arising from smelting furnaces that operate with high contents of carbon in the feed. The chromium content in this type of ferronickel can be up to 1.7% (Bergman, 2003).It is removed …
LARCO GMMSA
The plant processes the nickelferrous ores (laterites) we mine to produce ferronickel with an 18%-24% nickel content. This is the raw material for the industrial production of stainless steel in Europe. The total quantity of ore processed per year is 2,500,000 tonnes, equating to an annual ferronickel production of around 18,000-20,000 tonnes.
Ferronickel Facts: This Ferroalloy Contains Mainly Iron And Nickel …
Ferronickel is made from nickeliferous laterite by means of pyrometallurgical processes. It usually contains iron and nickel, with a percentage ratio between 20:80-35:65. Ferronickel can be used in the production of stainless steel, low alloy steel, and other related alloys that contain approximately 65% nickel.
Life cycle data
3 Figure E-1 Contribution of various sources to impact categories for 1 kg Class 1 Nickel Figure E-2 Contribution of various sources to impact categories for 1 kg Class 1 Nickel in Ferronickel The metallurgical processes are the major contributors to all nickel products. However, the sources of emissions differ depending on the technology used, and on the …
Process simulation and exergy analysis of two nickel laterite
Section snippets Exergy analysis. The exergy calculations are done using equations based on both the first and second law of thermodynamics. Considering nickel laterite processing as an open system, assuming steady state flow and starting off with an energy balance (Smith et al., 2005): ∆ H + 1 2 u 2 + zg m ̇ = Q ̇ + W s ̇ Neglecting the …
Ferronickel
The smelting of ferronickel using lean nickel ores usually starts with roasting (calcining) of the ore mixture with limestone (~one third of the ore), anthracite (~1/10 of the ore …
Ferronickel Preparation from Nickeliferous Laterite by Rotary Kiln
1 Citations Abstract Nickel is an important strategic metal, which is mainly used for stainless steel production. In the recent years, ferronickel has been used as a substitute for …
Modelling of Nickel Laterite Smelting to Ferronickel
Figure 1: (a) Flowsheet of ferronickel production from nickel laterite, (b) schematic of electric furnace for smelting of laterite. The oxides in the feed are NiO, FeO, SiO2 and MgO and the reductant is carbon. The Ellingham Diagram (as shown in Figure 2) shows that at 1500 – 1600oC, under standard state conditions, there is a thermodynamic ...
The effect of addition of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) to nickel slag
Ferronickel slag is a by-product of the nickel smelting process. Recycling of ferronickel slag is required since it contains valuable elements besides its potency to pollute the environment.